qmk-firmware/docs/feature_backlight.md

Backlighting

Many keyboards support backlit keys by way of individual LEDs placed through or underneath the keyswitches. QMK is able to control the brightness of these LEDs by switching them on and off rapidly in a certain ratio, a technique known as Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM. By altering the duty cycle of the PWM signal, it creates the illusion of dimming.

The MCU can only supply so much current to its GPIO pins. Instead of powering the backlight directly from the MCU, the backlight pin is connected to a transistor or MOSFET that switches the power to the LEDs.

Usage

Most keyboards have backlighting enabled by default if they support it, but if it is not working for you, check that your rules.mk includes the following:

BACKLIGHT_ENABLE = yes

You should then be able to use the keycodes below to change the backlight level.

Keycodes

Key	Description
BL_TOGG	Turn the backlight on or off
BL_STEP	Cycle through backlight levels
BL_ON	Set the backlight to max brightness
BL_OFF	Turn the backlight off
BL_INC	Increase the backlight level
BL_DEC	Decrease the backlight level
BL_BRTG	Toggle backlight breathing

Caveats

This feature is distinct from both the RGB underglow and RGB matrix features as it usually allows for only a single colour per switch, though you can obviously use multiple different coloured LEDs on a keyboard.

Hardware PWM is only supported on certain pins of the MCU, so if the backlighting is not connected to one of them, a software implementation will be used, and backlight breathing will not be available. Currently the supported pins are B5, B6, B7, and C6.

Configuration

To change the behaviour of the backlighting, #define these in your config.h:

Define	Default	Description
BACKLIGHT_PIN	B7	The pin that controls the LEDs. Unless you are designing your own keyboard, you shouldn't need to change this
BACKLIGHT_LEVELS	3	The number of brightness levels (maximum 15 excluding off)
BACKLIGHT_BREATHING	Not defined	Enable backlight breathing, if hardware PWM is used
BREATHING_PERIOD	6	The length of one backlight "breath" in seconds

Hardware PWM Implementation

When using the supported pins for backlighting, QMK will use a hardware timer configured to output a PWM signal. This timer will count up to ICRx (by default 0xFFFF) before resetting to 0. The desired brightness is calculated and stored in the OCRxx register. When the counter reaches this value, the backlight pin will go low, and is pulled high again when the counter resets. In this way OCRxx essentially controls the duty cycle of the LEDs, and thus the brightness, where 0x0000 is completely off and 0xFFFF is completely on.

The breathing effect is achieved by registering an interrupt handler for TIMER1_OVF_vect that is called whenever the counter resets, roughly 244 times per second. In this handler, the value of an incrementing counter is mapped onto a precomputed brightness curve. To turn off breathing, the interrupt handler is simply disabled, and the brightness reset to the level stored in EEPROM.

Backlight Functions

Function	Description
backlight_toggle()	Turn the backlight on or off
backlight_enable()	Turn the backlight on
backlight_disable()	Turn the backlight off
backlight_step()	Cycle through backlight levels
backlight_increase()	Increase the backlight level
backlight_decrease()	Decrease the backlight level
backlight_level(x)	Sets the backlight level to specified level
get_backlight_level()	Return the current backlight level
is_backlight_enabled()	Return whether the backlight is currently on

Backlight Breathing Functions

Function	Description
breathing_toggle()	Turn the backlight breathing on or off
breathing_enable()	Turns on backlight breathing
breathing_disable()	Turns off backlight breathing